Renaissance concept of impetus

The concept of impetus denoted the transmission of a power from the mover to the object moved. Many authors resorted to this concept to explain why a projectile keeps on moving when no longer in contact with its initial mover. But its application went further, as impetus was also appealed to in attempts to explain the acceleration of falling bodies or the motion of the heavens. It was widely applied in Renaissance natural philosophy, but it also raised a number of ontological questions concerning its precise nature

The archaeology of the military orders: the material culture of holy war

This paper reviews the current state of research into the archaeology of the military orders. It contrasts the advances made by historians and archaeologists, with the latter continuing to focus on the particularism of individual sites, with an emphasis on architectural analyses. Historians have contributed new insights by adopting a supranational approach. This paper argues that archaeologists can build on this by adopting a more problem-oriented, comparative approach. Drawing on examples from frontier and heartland territories, archaeological approaches are subdivided into material investment, material identity and cultural landscapes, to place sites of the military orders within a long-term, multi-scalar contexts. This contributes to a broader social and economic understanding of the orders, who contributed significantly to urbanisation, rural development and trade, and invested in material expressions of their authority and ideology. The paper concludes that more holistic, inter-regional approaches will move the archaeological study of the military orders forward

Élites et ordres militaires au Moyen Âge

Depuis une trentaine d'années, l'étude des ordres militaires au Moyen Âge a enregistré un profond renouvellement auquel Alain Demurger a particulièrement œuvré. Derrière l'histoire politique, par-delà les rouages institutionnels, la recherche s'est toujours plus attachée à considérer les hommes. Pourtant, la question des élites, s'agissant des frères, n'a jamais été analysée sinon de façon ponctuelle. En considérant à la fois les élites sociales, nobles ou citadines, les élites de pouvoir et de gouvernement et les propres élites des ordres militaires, ce livre n'apporte pas seulement un nouvel éclairage sur l'histoire des frères. Il contribue plus largement à la connaissance des sociétés médiévales, du xiie au xve siècle, depuis la péninsule Ibérique jusqu'à la Baltique et à l'Orient méditerranéen